bash kodlama - declare built-in komutu

-a seçeneği

Array veya Associative Array tanımlanır

-n seçeneği

name reference içindir. bash 4.3 ile geliyor.

Örnek

Şöyle yaparız

#!/bin/bash

declare -A num word

word=(
 [a]='index_a'
 [b]='index_b'
 [c]='index_c'
)

num=(
 [a]=1
 [b]=2
 [c]=3
)

declare -n var="$1"

printf '%s\n' "${var[@]}"

Çağırmak için şöyle yaparız

bash  array_call_self.sh  word

systemd Nedir

Giriş

Açıklaması şöyle

Systemd is actually a fairly recent project, having been started in ~2010. Many others have been used before it: sysvinit, upstart, init-ng, s6, launchd (I think it had a Linux version once). Several Linux distributions still do not use systemd for various reasons.

Out of all those, systemd is the closest one that you even could call a "process manager". Linux doesn't actually rely on a process manager at all; any process can directly make (fork) a new child process whenever it decides to, uncontrolled. (Indeed so uncontrolled that when systemd started codifying things like "logging out should kill your leftover processes", wars were fought over it.)

The real primary job of systemd and other such programs is only to be a service manager: to automatically start certain specific processes, such as the daemon responsible for displaying the login screen (GDM, agetty) and – sometimes – to restart them when they crash. But once you get to the login screen, everything else can happen without the involvement of systemd/init.

Indeed with sysvinit, the actual init process did incredibly little: about the only service it oversaw was agetty. Literally everything else was done through ordinary shell scripts that never touched init proper. The command to start a service? Shell script. The whole initial boot process? Shell script that runs more shell scripts.

Açıklaması şöyle

At a high level, Systemd typically serves several functions:

• Init system: Performs boot-time system initialization (e.g. creates or cleans temp files, etc.)
• Run services at boot (e.g. cron, sshd, mariadb, etc.)
• PID 1 process: The master process under which all other processes live
• Process supervisor (a.k.a. process manager): Starts, monitors, restarts additional services
• Additional services (Systemd does a lot, e.g. logging, mounts, and much more)

Most of these functions can be handled separately, but Systemd "does it all".

Synaptic Package Manager

Giriş

Altta apt komutunu kullanan eski Package Manager. Kurulumu burada