dpkg-query komutu

-f seçeneği
Açıklaması şöyle

...this tool is focused on querying the database of installed packages, and can output information in particular format(-f option plus -W action).

Şöyle yaparız.

$ dpkg-query -W -f='PACK:${Package}\nARCH:${Architecture}\nSTAT:${Status}\n---\n' libc6
PACK:libc6
ARCH:amd64
STAT:install ok installed
---
PACK:libc6
ARCH:i386
STAT:install ok installed
---

-L seçeneği
Şöyle yaparız

dpkg-query -L dia-shapes

-S seçeneği
Açıklaması şöyle

-S, --search filename-search-pattern...
          Search  for  packages  that own files corresponding to the given
          pattern.  Standard shell wildcard characters can be used in  the
          pattern,  where  asterisk (*) and question mark (?) will match a
          slash, and blackslash (\) will be used as an escape character.

          If the first character in the filename-search-pattern is none of
          ‘*[?/’  then it will be considered a substring match and will be
          implicitly surrounded by ‘*’ (as in  *filename-search-pattern*).
          If  the  subsequent  string contains any of ‘*[?\’, then it will
          handled like a glob pattern, otherwise any trailing ‘/’ or  ‘/.’
          will be removed and a literal path lookup will be performed.

          This  command  will  not  list extra files created by maintainer
          scripts, nor will it list alternatives.

Şöyle yaparız

dpkg-query -S .shape

zdump komutu

right/UTC
right kelemesinin açıklaması şöyle. Şöyle yaparız

zdump -v right/UTC

Çıktı olarak şunu alırız

right/UTC Tue Jun 30 23:59:60 2015 UT = Tue Jun 30 23:59:60 2015 UTC isdst=0 gmtoff=0 right/UTC Wed Jul 1 00:00:00 2015 UT = Wed Jul 1 00:00:00 2015 UTC isdst=0 gmtoff=0

23:59:60 en son leap second'ın olduğu tarihtir.

Benim sistemimde en son leap second'ın olduğu tarih şöyle

Thu Nov 17 19:50:43 2016 UTC

amixer komutu

Giriş
ALSA ses sürücüsünü kullanarak mixer'i kumanda eder.
-D seçeneği
Ses seviyesini ayarlamak için şöyle yaparız

Unity Desktop

Giriş

Unity Desktop masaüstü Gnome Desktop'ın rakibi

Launcher
favorites
Uygulamaların ayarlarını kaydedebildiğini görmek için şöyle yaparız. true dönmesi gerekir.

gsettings writable com.canonical.Unity.Launcher favorites

launcher-position
Alta almak için şöyle yaparız.

gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Launcher launcher-position Bottom

LXC - Linux Containers

Giriş
LXC Linux Containers anlamına gelir. Klasik bir LXC şöyledir.

Host Machine-[Ubuntu 16.04][185.82.xx.xx]

• Container1 [10.0.8.9]
• Container2 [10.0.8.100]
• Container3 [10.0.8.101]
• Container4 [10.0.8.102]

LXC'ten Önce

Açıklaması şöyle

The container history started 1979 with Unix V7 Chroot and continued, 2000 FreeBSD Jails, 2001 Linux VServer, 2004 Solaris Containers, 2005 Open VZ, 2006 Process Containers, 2008 LXC, etc.

Yani sıra şöyle

Chroot - 1979

FreeBSD Jail - 2000

Linux VServer - 2001

Solaris Containers - 2004

Open VZ - 2005

Process Containers - 2006

Linux VServer - 2001

Açıklaması şöyle. 2001 yılında başlıyor. cgroups bu konuda önemli bir adım.

Container technology was first introduced in 2001 through Jacques Gélinas’s Linux-VServer project. This early form of container technology underwent several redesigns such as the addition of cgroup functionality that allows the limitation and prioritization of resources (CPU, memory, block I/O, network) without the need for starting any virtual machines; and also the namespace isolation functionality that allows for the complete isolation of an application’s view of the operating environment, including process trees, networking, user IDs and mounted file systems and namespaces (source: Resource management: Linux kernel Namespaces and cgroups). 

İlk LXC - 2008

Açıklaması şöyle. 2008 yılında ortaya çıkıyor

In 2008, IBM engineers added a layer of userspace tooling to make the technology more palatable to developers. In 2014, the LXC 1.0 release further addressed LXC security concerns by leveraging existing Linux technologies such as seccomp and SELinux to control and protect against DoS attacks from malicious code-breaking out of containers. 

LXC ve Docker

2013 yılında ortaya çıkan ilk Docker altta LXC kullanıyordu. Daha sonra bıraktı. Açıklaması şöyle.

Launched in 2013, Docker was initially based on LXC and added user-friendly tools to attract developers looking for alternatives to bulky VMs. Eventually, Docker diverged from LXC by developing its own containerized architecture. 

Şu anki LXC ve Docker arasındaki en büyük fark LXC çoklu uygulama çalıştırabilir, yani multi process'tir. Docker ise tek bir uygulama çalıştırabilir, yani single process'tir.

LXD – An Upgrade for LXC Containers

Açıklaması şöyle.

LXD has been described as the next-generation system container.  It enhances system-level containerization with a REST API that can connect to the LXC libraries. Written in Go, it creates a system daemon that apps access through a UNIX socket via HTTPS further expanding the possibilities of distributed systems portability. LXD builds on top of LXC and extends its capabilities through the kernel rather than sitting independent of the OS. It acts much like a VM with a hypervisor, but without the resource overhead.

Namespace Nedir?

Namespace Nedir? yazısına taşıdım

wpa_supplicant komutu

-c seçeneği
Konfigürasyon dosyasını belirtmemizi sağlar. Şöyle yaparız.

wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -Dnl80211 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf